Carotenoids as Tools in Breast Cancer Therapy

Abstract Carotenoids are widely distributed in nature. They are present in all living organisms, from bacteria, yeast, marine, and freshwater organisms including microalgae, phytoplankton, crustaceans, and fish to higher plants and animals. Naturally occurring carotenoids are important sources of antioxidants, antiinflammatory and antitumor compounds. Epidemiological studies have shown a correlation between a high carotenoid intake in the diet with a reduced risk of colorectal, cervical, ovarian, and breast cancers. The mechanisms of carotenoids for cancer chemoprevention include nuclear receptors, growth factor signaling, effects on gap -junctional intercellular communication, cell cycle progression, differentiation-related proteins, retinoid-like receptors, antioxidant response element, and inflammatory cytokines. The present chapter focuses on the potential role of carotenoids for the treatment of breast cancer.