GM-CSF-induced CD11c+CD8a--dendritic cells facilitate Foxp3+ and IL-10+ regulatory T cell expansion resulting in suppression of autoimmune thyroiditis.

GM-CSF plays an essential role in the differentiation of dendritic cells (DCs). Our studies have shown that GM-CSF treatment can induce semi-mature DCs and CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) and suppress ongoing autoimmunity in mouse models. In this study, we examined the differences in the potential of GM-CSF to exert tolerogenic function on CD8a+ and CD8a− sub-populations of DCs in vivo. We show that GM-CSF modulates CD8a−, but not CD8a+ DCs in vivo, by inhibiting the surface expression of activation markers MHC II and CD80 and production of inflammatory cytokines such as IL-12 and IL-1β. Self-antigen [mouse thyroglobulin (mTg)] presentation by GM-CSF-exposed CD8a− DCs to T cells from mTg-primed mice induced a profound increase in the frequency of forkhead box P3 (FoxP3)-expressing T cells compared with antigen presentation by GM-CSF-exposed CD8a+ DCs and control CD8a+ and CD8a− DCs. This tolerogenic property of GM-CD8a− DCs was abrogated when IL-12 was added. GM-CSF-exposed CD8a− DCs could also induce secretion of significantly higher amounts of IL-10 by T cells from mTg-primed mice. Importantly, adoptive transfer of CD8a− DCs from GM-CSF-treated SCID mice, but not untreated mice, into wild-type CBA/J mice prevented the development of experimental autoimmune thyroiditis (EAT) in the recipient animals upon immunization with mTg. Collectively, our results show that GM-CSF renders CD8a− DCs tolerogenic, and these DCs induce Foxp3+ and IL-10+ Tregs.