Consideration of ocean conditions in the management of salmon

An ecologically based conceptual foundation is presented as a way to incorporate environmental variability in salmon management. The argument addresses the problem of accommodating marine environment variability through actions in freshwater. We argue for an approach that considers marine and freshwater environments as integral components of a larger salmonid ecosystem. This contrasts with previous propositions that either relied heavily on technological fixes in the freshwater environment or questioned the value of any recovery effort designed to withstand overwhelming ocean forces. Salmon management requires a more holistic approach incorporating modern understanding of the salmonid ecosystem and its variability. We suggest two strategies. The first calls for deliberate improvement of estuarine and nearshore ocean conditions through regulation of upstream flows, river operations, hatchery production, and other actions. The second calls for improving the resilience of salmon to a variable environment. Th...