Timing and conditions of regional metamorphism and crustal shearing in the granulite facies basement of south Namibia: Implications for the crustal evolution of the Namaqualand metamorphic basement in the Mesoproterozoic

Abstract Granulite facies basement gneisses from the Grunau area in the Kakamas Domain of the Namaqua-Natal Metamorphic Province in south Namibia show high-grade mineral assemblages, most commonly consisting of garnet, cordierite, sillimanite, alkali feldspar and quartz. Cordierite + hercynitic spinel, and in some places quartz + hercynitic spinel, indicate granulite facies P-T conditions. The peak assemblage equilibrated at 800–850 °C at 4.0–4.5 kbar. Sillimanite pseudomorphs after kyanite 1 and late-stage staurolite and kyanite 2 indicate that the metamorphic record started and ended within the stability field of kyanite. Monazite in the metamorphic basement gneisses shows a single-phase growth history dated as 1210-1180 Ma, which we interpret as the most likely age of the regional metamorphic peak. This time coincides with the emplacement of granitic plutons in the Grunau region. The ∼10 km wide, NW-SE striking Grunau shear zone crosscuts the metamorphic basement and overprints high-temperature fabrics. In sheared metapelites, the regional metamorphic peak assemblage is largely obliterated, and is replaced by synkinematic biotite 2 , quartz, alkali feldspar, sillimanite and cordierite or muscovite. In places, gedrite, staurolite, sillimanite and green biotite 3 may have formed late- or post-kinematically. The mylonitic mineral assemblage equilibrated at 590–650 °C at 3.5–5.0 kbar, which is similar to a retrograde metamorphic stage in the basement away from the shear zone. Monazite cores in two mylonite samples are similar in texture and age (∼1200 Ma) to monazite in metapelites away from the shear zone. Chemically distinct monazite rims indicate a second growth episode at ∼1130-1120 Ma. This age is interpreted to date the main deformation episode along the Grunau shear zone and the retrograde metamorphic stage seen in the basement. The main episode of ductile shearing along the Grunau shear zone took place 70–80 million years after the thermal peak metamorphism and granite emplacement, and after substantial isobaric cooling of the basement. Metamorphism and regional shearing in the Grunau area can be correlated with the crustal evolution in the Kakamas Domain in South Africa, but not with the timing of metamorphism in the Aus area, 230 km to the NW of Grunau, which is significantly younger.