Clinical Nurse Specialist Contributions to Care Delivery: Creating a Pain Management Registered Nurse Model of Care

Background/Rationale: At Duke University Hospital, anesthesiology residents covered the APS patients from 11 pm to 7 am, while also responsible for operating rooms. Consequently, APS patients did not consistently receive prompt and adequate pain management. In recognition of this barrier to effective pain management, administrators, physicians and the APS Clinical Nurse Specialists (CNSs) collaborated to develop the PMRN role.