The establishment of the distance of the 12-gauge hunting rifle shot using cartridges with a closing container wad based on the specific patterns of the entry holes in the cloths

: The objective of the present study was to reveal the objective topographic and morphological features of entry holes in the cloths produced by the hunting smoothbore weapon shots from different distances using various ('cylinder' and 'choke') adjustable muzzle adapters and the regular cartridges loaded with shotgun pellets in a closing container wad and without it. The study has demonstrated the influence of the specific constructive features of the muzzle adapters and differently loaded cartridges on the mechanisms of damages caused by the gunshots from different distances.