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Childbirth is the physiologicaly and geneticaly predetermined end of pregnancy in which many factors coming both from the mother and the child affect the course of events, therefore methods of child monitoring were developed. The most common causes of complications are hypoxia, hypoxemia, and ischemia, which lead to neurological damage, convulsions, cerebral palsy, and death. Fetal monitoring methods in childbirth are based on recording fetal heart rate (FHR), oxygenation status and recognition of acidosis. The gold standard is cardiotocography, which enables simultaneous recording and monitoring of FHR and uterine contractions. Cardiotocography is divided into direct (internal) and indirect (external), depending on the way the fetal heart rate is monitored. The main features of the cardiotocogram are uterine activity, fetal heart rate baseline, the variability of the fetal heart rate baseline and the presence of accelerations and decelerations of cardiac action. Despite certain shortcomings of the visual interpretations of CTG records, noticeable intraobserver and interobserver reliability and false positive rates, CTG remains the most sensitive and safest method for fetal monitoring at birth. In low-risk pregnancies, intermittent monitoring is sufficient, as research has not shown benefits of continuous monitoring in these pregnancies. Also, intermittent monitoring allows the mother to move, which in most cases benefits her condition and the course of labor. Fetal blood sampling (FBS) from the fetal scalp is a useful method that can confirm or refute suspicious or pathological CTG findings by measuring the pH and lactate levels. The method requires certain conditions such as sufficient cervical dilatation and pelvic engagement of the presenting fetal part. The failure rate when lactate analysis is performed is lower than when pH assessment is performed due to the fact that a smaller amount of blood is needed. A intervention is indicated in cases when pH is less than 7.20 (acidosis) or lactate is greater than 4.8 mmol/L. Fetal scalp stimulation is a very simple, inexpensive, and affordable method that can be considered a noninvasive alternative to FBS. The main purpose of FSS is to evaluate fetuses showing reduced variability on CTG to distinguish between deep sleep and hypoxia/acidosis. Fetal oximetry has not been shown to be useful in monitoring a fetus at birth. Fetal electrocardiography, if applied, reduces the need for FBS tests and the need for instrumental vaginal delivery, compared to stand-alone CTG use, but the number of cesarean sections was not reduced by its use, nor were the neonatal outcomes.