Surgical Approaches for Internal Fixation

I The Upper Extremities.- 1 Clavicle and Acromioclavicular Joint.- 2 Scapula and Shoulder Joint: Posterior Approach.- 3 Proximal Humerus: Anterior Approach.- 4 Humeral Shaft: Antero-lateral Approach.- 5 Humeral Shaft: Posterior Approach.- 6 Distal Humerus and Humero-ulnar Joint.- 7 Humero-radial Joint and Radial Head.- 8 Elbow Joint and Proximal Radius: Volar Approach.- 9 Radial Shaft: Dorso-lateral Approach.- 10 Ulnar Shaft.- 11 Distal Radius: Volar Approach.- II The Lower Extremities.- 12 Sacro-iliac Joint and Posterior Iliac Crest.- 13 Symphysis Pubis and Superior Pubic Rami.- 14 Hip Joint: Posterior Approach.- 15 Hip Joint: Postero-lateral Approach.- 16 Hip Joint: Anterior Ilio-inguinal Approach.- 17 Proximal Femur: Lateral Approach.- 18 Femoral Shaft: Lateral Approach.- 19 Distal Femur: Lateral Approach.- 20 Patella.- 21 Knee Joint and Proximal Tibia: Lateral Parapatellar Approach.- 22 Tibial Shaft: Anterior Approach.- 23 Tibial Shaft: Postero-medial Approach.- 24 Medial Malleolus and Distal Tibia.- 25 Lateral Malleolus.- 26 Calcaneus: Lateral Approach.- References.