Alternatives to open vascular surgery

Part 1 Control of risk factors: diabetes therapeutic approach to lipid disorders smoking and vascular disease management of hypertension molecular biology of vascular disease. Part 2 Medical management: pharmacologic options in treatment of peripheral vascular disease exercise in peripheral vascular disease control of infection with vascular disease diabetic foot lesions - pathogenesis and management footcare for the dyvascular foot - modifications and foot orthoses. Part 3 Interventional diagnostic technology: peripheral vascular imaging - radiographic approaches vascular sonography and magnetic resonance imaging non-invasive evaluation of lower-extremity arterial disease angioscopy. Part 4 Interventional therapeutic technology: atherectomy - a review of current devices and methods angioplasty - balloon angioplasty and laser angioplasty - technical details and clinical applications endovascular stents thrombolytic therapy for arterial and graft thrombosis sclerotherapy - non-operative treatment of venous disease minimally invasive approach to intravascular grafting.