Nonbronchoscopic Methods [Nonbronchoscopic Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL), Mini-BAL, Blinded Bronchial Sampling, Blinded Protected Specimen Brush] to Investigate for Pulmonary Infections, Inflammation, and Cellular and Molecular Markers: A Narrative Review

Without reliable diagnostic modalities, determination of the nature of illness can be equivocal, and thus could subject patients to no helpful treatments or unfounded medical interventions and associated financial burdens. Several diagnostic techniques for health care professionals to investigate th