Recent insights into the robustness of two-dimensional black phosphorous in optoelectronic applications

Abstract Since the two-dimensional (2D) black phosphorus (BP) was successfully rediscovered in 2014, has garnered considerable attention due to its superior properties, including thickness-dependent direct bandgap, prominent carrier mobility, wide absorption and response spectral band and in-plane anisotropic etc., also has been applied in diverse fields. It has become a worldwide hot topic. However, the environmental instability has severely hindered its further development in both academic and industry application. Tremendous theoretical and experimental investigations are carried out to get a insight of the degradation mechanism and promote the environmental stability of BP. Motivated by this, this article, focus on the recent development of stabilized 2D BP nanoflakes, will present the basic exploration, mechanism, efforts, and application of functionalized BP. The challenges encountered and further developments are summarized at the end.