3-D Perspective Primary Flight Displays for Aircraft

Using a 3-D perspective display, Stanford University has flown numerous approaches and missed approaches. The system has been flown extensively on a Beechcraft Queen Air in the working air traffic environment. Inflight evaluations included tunnel approaches overlaid on existing non-precision procedures, curved and segmented approaches, traffic patterns flown by instrument reference, and skywriting with GPS. Augmentations to the perspective flight display, including perspective terrain and dynamic terrain alerting, are viable and improve pilots' situational awareness.