ß cell replacement therapy: the next 10 years

s cell replacement with either pancreas or islet transplantation has progressed immensely over the last decades with current 1- and 5-year insulin independence rates of ~85% and ~50%, respectively. Recent advances are largely attributed to improvements in immunosuppressive regimen, donor selection and surgical technique. However, both strategies are compromised by a scarce donor source. Xenotransplantation provides a potential solution by providing a theoretically unlimited supply of islets, but clinical application has been limited by concerns for a potent immune response against xenogeneic tissue. s cell clusters derived from embryonic or induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells represent another promising unlimited source of insulin producing cells, but clinical application is pending further advances in the function of the s cell like clusters. Exciting developments and rapid progress in all areas of s cell replacement prompted a lively debate by members of the young investigator committee of the International Pancreas and Islet Transplant Association (IPITA) at the 15th IPITA Congress in Melbourne and at the 26th international congress of The Transplant Society (TTS) in Hong Kong. This international group of young investigators debated which modality of s cell replacement would predominate the landscape in 10 years, and their arguments are summarized here.