Ureteroscopic management of ureteral and ureteroenteral strictures.

Ureteral strictures may be congenital or acquired. When acquired, causes include trauma, calculi, surgical intervention, and pathologic processes, such as carcinoma and retroperitoneal fibrosis. This article focuses on ureteroscopic management of strictures involving the ureter and those that occur at the site of a ureteroenteric anastomosis.