Outcomes of Intermediate Risk Karyotype Acute Myeloid Leukemia in First Remission Undergoing Autologous Stem Cell Transplantation Compared With Allogeneic Stem Cell Transplantation and Chemotherapy Consolidation: A Retrospective, Propensity-score Adjusted Analysis

Abstract Introduction Optimal post-remission therapy (PRT) for intermediate risk acute myeloid leukemia remains an area of ongoing research. We aimed to retrospectively compare outcomes following autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT) with allogeneic SCT (alloSCT) and consolidation chemotherapy (CMT) in patients with intermediate-risk karyotype AML in first complete remission. Patients and Methods We compared overall survival (OS) and leukemia-free survival (LFS) using propensity score (PS)-adjusted analysis of patients receiving PRT with autoSCT, matched sibling (MSD) alloSCT, unrelated/mismatch (UD/MM) alloSCT, and CMT. We included patients diagnosed between 1984 and 2003 (period of autoSCT at our center) in CR1 following induction CMT and received at least 2 consolidative cycles. Results We identified 190 patients (62 MSD-alloSCT, 18 UD/MM-alloSCT, 30 autoSCT, and 80 CMT). Baseline characteristics were used for PS calculation and were well-balanced after weight adjustment. The median follow-up for patients surviving beyond 1 year was 8.7 years. We excluded 55 patients based on PS calculation. Adjusted multivariate hazard ratio (HR), 95% confidence interval (CI) and P -value for OS, considering CMT as reference, were: MSD-alloSCT (HR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.2-0.8; P  = .009), UD/MM-alloSCT (HR, 1.5; 95% CI, 0.6-3.9; P  = .363), and autoSCT (HR, 1.2; 95% CI, 0.5-3.1; P  = .666), respectively. Adjusted multivariate HR, 95% CI and P -value for LFS were MSD-alloSCT (HR, 0.3; 95% CI, 0.2-0.6; P P  = .854), and autoSCT (HR, 0.8; 95% CI, 0.3-2.2; P  = .697), respectively. Conclusion Patients with intermediate risk-karyotype acute myeloid leukemia who underwent MSD-alloSCT in first complete remission had the best outcomes. There were no survival differences between autoSCT, UD/MM-alloSCT, and CMT. Further study incorporating molecular changes and minimal residual disease status is warranted to select appropriate patients for autoSCT.