Maintaining particle size in the transformation of anatase to rutile titania nanostructures

Abstract We study the temperature-dependent transformation of two distinctly synthesized TiO 2 nanoparticles from the anatase to the rutile phase. These studies are carried out over the temperature range extending from room temperature to an excess of 800 °C where the anatase to rutile conversion is found to occur. Results obtained for both a sol–gel-generated nanocolloid (3–20 nm) and a sol–gel-generated micelle nanostructure (∼40 nm) are evaluated. While the TiO 2 nanocolloid structures aggregate to form larger crystallites as a function of increasing temperature with sizes comparable to the sol–gel-generated micelle structures, the resulting anatase crystallites, which are of a diameter 40–50  nm , appear to transform to comparable or slightly smaller rutile structures at 800 °C. This is in contrast to the transformation to larger rutile structures, observed for larger anatase particles. The importance of kinetic effects is considered as it enhances the rate of anatase to rutile conversion. These characteristics are established using a combination of Raman spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction, and scanning electron microscopy. The relative playoffs of the Raman and X-ray diffraction techniques are considered as they are used for the analysis of particles at the nanoscale, especially when phase transformations are evaluated.