Radionuclides in Analytical Chemistry

The article contains sections titled: 1. Introduction 1.1. Definition and Purpose 1.2. History 1.3. General Features 1.4. Importance and Trends 2. Requirements for Analytical Use of Radionuclides 2.1. Safety and Operational Aspects 2.2. The Labeled Substance 2.3. Activity Measurements 2.4. Choice of Radionuclide 2.5. Appraisal of Radionuclide Use in Analysis 2.5.1. Advantages 2.5.2. Disadvantages 2.5.3. Sources of Error 3. Radiotracers in Methodological Studies 3.1. Principles and Importance 3.2. Control of Sampling 3.3. Control of Contamination and Loss 3.4. Separation Procedures 3.5. Control of the Determination Stage 4. IsotopeDilution Analysis 4.1. Direct Isotope Dilution Analysis 4.2. Reverse Isotope Dilution Analysis 4.3. Derivative Isotope Dilution Analysis 4.4. Substoichiometric Isotope Dilution Analysis 4.4.1. Substoichiometric Separation by Liquid - Liquid Distribution 4.4.2. Redox Substoichiometry 4.4.3. Displacement Substoichiometry 4.4.4. Applications 4.5. Sub- and Superequivalence Method 5. Radioreagent Methods 5.1. Simple Radioreagent Methods 5.1.1. Determination with Labeled Reagents 5.1.2. Determination with Labeled Analyte 5.1.3. Determination with Labeled Competing Substances 5.2. Method of Concentration-Dependent Distribution 5.3. Isotope Exchange Methods 5.4. Radioimmunoassay 5.5. Radiorelease Methods 5.5.1. Radioactive Kryptonates 5.5.2. Radioactive Metals 5.5.3. Radioactive Salts and other Radioactive Substances 5.6. Radiometric Titration