Doubly Disadvantaged? Gender, Forced Migration and the Russian Labour Market

In the years following the collapse of the USSR the Russian Federation experienced a significant influx of migrants from the other former Soviet republics. A high proportion of these new migrants came to Russia with their families seeking permanent residence as a result of the political, social and economic situation in the former Soviet republics and due to shifting understandings of cultural and political belonging. In the 1990s, official discourses within Russia represented this migration flow mainly as forced migration.1