Toward archaeological predictive modeling in the Bosutswe region of Botswana: Utilizing multispectral satellite imagery to conceptualize ancient landscapes

Abstract Geospatial technologies such as GIS, remote sensing, and GNSS are transforming landscape archaeology, particularly in research areas that are hard to access due to geographical size, environmental challenges, lack of infrastructure, and/or political instability. In the following article, we explore the potential of high-resolution, multispectral satellite imagery for building a predictive model of the settlement pattern of the Iron Age polity of Bosutswe (700–1650 CE) in Botswana. While the case study lies in Africa, the problems that Africanists experience extend far beyond the continent. With limited funding, poor access to survey regions, and countless others, predictive modelling has the potential to identify more robust archaeological landscapes. Using ArcGIS 10.6, ENVI 5.4, and WorldView 2 and 3 imagery, we catalog 22 prospective archaeological sites within a 5 km radius of Bosutswe (100 sq. km), demonstrating the potential for image classification to identify sites difficult to locate in a traditional pedestrian survey. The discovery of these new, often small sites has implications for past environmental utilization and for regional sociopolitical dynamics. We describe our test excavation at one new site, Letlalolanoga, to demonstrate how it may contribute towards a growing body of literature that favors heterarchical power relations within African complex societies.