Sphincter-preserving technologies in the surgical treatment of extrahepatic cholestasis in complicated cholelithiasis

Annotation. Extrahepatic cholestasis (EHC), caused by functional or organic disorders, always plays a key role in the pathogenetic mechanisms of the development of complicated forms of cholelithiasis caused by impaired bile outflow. Purpose of the work: to improve the immediate and long-term results of surgical treatment of patients with complicated cholelithiasis by intraoperative diagnosis of EHC and determination of the optimal parameters of dosed balloon dilatation aimed at maintaining the functional and anatomical integrity of the sphincter of Oddi (SО). During the period from 2014 to 2020, 181 patients were examined, who were operated on in the department of surgery of the digestive system of the State Institution “Institute of Gastroenterology of the National Academy of Medical Sciences of Ukraine”. The first group of patients (n=81, 44.75%) consisted of patients who underwent sphincter-preserving interventions, both antegrade (when performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy – LHE) and retrograde (when performing retrograde cholangiopancreatography – RCPG), the second group of patients (n=79, 43.64%) consisted of patients who underwent traditional sphincter-destructive staged interventions (total and subtotal papillotomy before or after LHE). The control group consisted of 21 patients (11.6%), in whom structural and functional abnormalities of SО were not detected during manodebitometry with X-ray verification, so they underwent LHE according to the standard technique. During the operation, all patients underwent manodebitometry, the indicators of which were compared with the data of X-ray cholangioscopy. The use of the combined method of manodebitometry in the intraoperative diagnosis of the main causes of various types of of extrahepatic cholestasis in complicated cholelithiasis (CL), made it possible to diagnose an organic disorder as the cause of the development of EHC in 34 (18.78%) patients and functional disorders of SО in 38 (20.99%) patients. The indicators of the cause of EHC in complicated cholelithiasis, established before the operation and clarified during the operation by X-ray studies, were compared with the indicators of manodebitometry in both groups of patients, while the indicator of manodebitometric coefficient in the control group was within 2.35-2.60 (Ме Q25; Q75) and on average 2.51. The use of the proposed diagnostic criteria for the manodebitometric coefficient and parameters of dosed balloon dilatation of large duodenal papilla (LDP) makes it possible to reduce the need for two-stage treatment of EHC in complicated cholelithiasis, to preserve the physiological passage of bile into the duodenum, preventing the formation of postoperative biliary hypertension by preserving the integrity of the sphincter apparatus of LDP and to reduce the amount postoperative complications and the number of staged surgical interventions by 25.92%.