IL-11 is a crucial determinant of cardiovascular fibrosis.

Fibrosis—the overproduction of fibrous connective tissue—is a feature of many diseases and can contribute to pathology by causing scarring, thickening of tissue and interference with normal organ function. In the heart, fibrosis can cause mechanical and electrical dysfunction. Stuart Cook and colleagues identify a protein that has a crucial role in cardiac fibrosis: the cytokine IL-11. They find that, in primary human cardiac fibroblasts, transcription of IL-11 is a dominant response to transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) exposure and that it is required for the pro-fibrotic effect of TGFβ. Loss of IL-11 reduced fibrosis in three preclinical models of cardiovascular fibrosis, leading the authors to propose IL-11 as a therapeutic target.