The Mouse Fetoprotein Transcription Factor (FTF) Gene Promoter Is Regulated by Three GATA Elements with Tandem E Box and Nkx Motifs, and FTF in Turn Activates the Hnf3β, Hnf4α, and Hnf1α Gene Promoters

Abstract Fetoprotein transcription factor (FTF) is an orphan nuclear receptor that activates the α1-fetoprotein gene during early liver developmental growth. Here we sought to define better the position of FTF in transcriptional cascades leading to hepatic differentiation. The mouse FTF gene was isolated and assigned to chromosome 1 band E4 (one mFTF pseudogene was also found). Exon/intron mapping shows an mFTF gene structure similar to that of its close homologue SF1, with two more N-terminal exons in the mFTF gene; exon mapping also delimits several FTF mRNA 5′- and 3′-splice variants. The mFTF transcription initiation site was located in adult liver at 238 nucleotides from the first translation initiator codon, with six canonical GATA, E box, and Nkx motifs clustered between −50/−140 base pairs (bp) from the cap site; DNA/protein binding assays also pinpointed an HNF4-binding element at +36 bp and an FTF-binding element at −257 bp. Transfection assays and point mutations showed that the mFTF promoter is activated by GATA, HNF4α, FTF, Nkx, and basic helix-loop-helix factors, with marked cooperativity between GATA and HNF4α. A tandem GATA/E box activatory motif in the proximal mFTF promoter is strikingly similar to a composite motif coactivated by differentiation inducers in the hematopoietic lineage; a tandem GATA-Nkx motif in the distal mFTF promoter is also similar to a composite motif transducing differentiation signals from transforming growth factor-β-like receptors in the cardiogenic lineage. Three genes encoding transcription factors critical to early hepatic differentiation,Hnf3β, Hnf4α, andHnf1α, each contain dual FTF-binding elements in their proximal promoters, and all three promoters are activated by FTF in transfection assays. Direct DNA binding action and cooperativity was demonstrated between FTF and HNF3β on the Hnf3βpromoter and between FTF and HNF4α on the Hnf1αpromoter. These combined results suggest that FTF is an early intermediary between endodermal specification signals and downstream genes that establish and amplify the hepatic phenotype.