Disrupting membrane raft domains by alkylphospholipids.

Using phase contrast and fluorescence microscopy we study the influence of the alkylphospholipid, ALP, 10-(octyloxy) decyl-2-(trimethylammonium) ethyl phosphate, ODPC, in giant unilamellar vesicles, GUVs, composed of DOPC (1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine), brain sphingomyelin (SM) and cholesterol (Chol). The results show that adding 100 μM ODPC (below CMC) to the outer solution of GUVs promotes DOPC membrane disruption over a period of 1 h of continuous observation. On the other hand, the presence of SM and Chol in homogeneous fluid lipid bilayers protects the membrane from disruption. Interestingly, by adding 100 μM ODPC to GUVs containing DOPC:SM:Chol (1:1:1), which display liquid ordered (Lo)–liquid disordered (Ld) phase coexistence, the domains rapidly disappear in less than 1 min of ODPC contact with the membrane. The lipids are subsequently redistributed to liquid domains within a time course of 14–18 min, reflecting that the homogenous phase was not thermodynamically stable, followed by rupture of the GUVs. A similar mechanism of action is also observed for perifosine, although to a larger extent. Therefore, the initial stage of lipid raft disruption by both ODPC and perifosine, and maybe other ALPS, by promoting lipid mixing, may be correlated with their toxicity upon neoplastic cells, since selective (dis)association of essential proteins within lipid raft microdomains must take place in the plasma membrane.