Effects of short- and long-term changes in spatial density on the social behavior of captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)

Abstract The constraints of captivity may often require non-human primates to experience restrictions in space for both long- and short-term periods of time. The tension-reduction model predicts that great apes should increase affiliative behaviors and decrease aggressive behaviors as a coping strategy. The conflict avoidance model, however, predicts that great apes should decrease all social interactions (affiliative and aggressive) as a coping strategy. The purpose of this study was to test the conflict-avoidance and tension-reduction models by examining the effects of both short-term (1–2 days) and long-term (6 months) changes in spatial density on social behavior in 23 adult captive chimpanzees (6 males, 17 females) housed at the Primate Foundation of Arizona. Affiliative (i.e., social groom, social play) and agonistic (i.e., charging display, attack) were assessed using scan-sampling techniques while subjects were rotated from high-density to low-density conditions for varying lengths of time. Results of short-term increases in spatial density (crowding) supported the conflict-avoidance strategy for females, through reduced levels of aggressive ( F 1,16  = 17.11, p  = 0.001) and affiliative ( F 1,16  = 21.13, p F 1,5  = 10.53, p  = 0.02) while increasing affiliation ( F 1,5  = 9.10, p  = 0.03). Females partially supported the tension-reduction model during long-term high-density by increasing affiliative behaviors ( F 1,16  = 14.19, p  = 0.002) compared to short-term high-density levels, while rates of aggression remained low. Finally, males supported the tension-reduction by reducing aggression ( F 1,5  = 7.668, p  = 0.04) and increasing affiliation ( F 1,5  = 6.08, p  = 0.05) during long-term high-density. Results confirm that chimpanzees use different strategies during short-term versus long-term increases in spatial density and that these strategies may be influenced by individual sex. However, sample sizes are small and additional research on male chimpanzees is needed.