Effects of network delay on training for telesurgery

Telesurgery is defined as robotic surgery performed over a distance using a communication link. Methods of training for telesurgery are unknown. We investigated whether trainees perform better with latencies at the outset (700ms) or with zero latency and a training ramp (0, 350, 700ms). Four test exercises were conducted. Performance of the groups was compared for the different delay settings. Straight cut and grasp steadiness exercises showed no significant difference except at 700ms versus 0ms (p≪0.05). In object placement, differences occurred in the lower latencies (700ms versus 0ms; 700ms versus 350ms; p≪0.05), but the groups were not different at the end of the trial (700ms versus 700ms). A Fitts' law exercise showed no difference in performance between the groups at 700ms. In conclusion, training for telesurgery may be equally effective with full latency at the outset or by using a training ramp.