Posttransplant Lymphoproliferative Disease and Inhibitors of Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: When a Quick Look Back Can Change the Perspective

: Posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease represents a heterogeneous group of diseases characterized by uncontrolled proliferation of lymphocytes, favored by immunosuppression. Several risk factors for its development have been described, with Epstein-Barr virus infection being a main cause of early-onset forms and chronic antigen stimulation of donors and/or accumulated immunosuppression as key factors of later forms of lymphocyte transformation. The present clinical case presents a patient diagnosed with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease 3 years after renal transplant who had a potentially lethal complication related to conversion to inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin. Because clinical studies that establish the most suitable treatment are lacking, it is recommended to identify the strategy, defining possible risks versus benefits of conversion to inhibitors of mammalian target of rapamycin in cases of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disease, and to maintain a high level of surveillance in case of possible secondary effects that can be verified after their introduction.