Prostate cancer and applications of vitamin K

Abstract Vitamin K is well known for its role in the coagulation process. However, a plethora of studies suggest that the metabolic function of vitamin K extends beyond coagulation, such as in osteoporosis and atherosclerosis. An even more interesting fact is that the emerging studies support that the intake of vitamin K could be beneficial in managing various types of cancers including prostate cancer (PCa). Interestingly, higher levels of vitamin K2 and higher intake of this vitamin are correlated with reduced fatal PCa, and vitamin K2 deficiency status has been found in most men with aggressive PCa. With a one in seven risk of developing PCa within their lifetime, this is an encouraging discovery. In vitro research studies also support the notion that various forms of vitamin K (K2, K4, and K3) are effective against different types of PCas. This chapter is focused on the potential beneficial effects of vitamin K use for PCa treatment based on various epidemiological and experimental studies conducted to date.