Adult Urology Risk Factors for Prostate Cancer in Men Aged Less Than 60 Years: A Case-Control Study from Italy

A family history of prostate cancer (odds ratio [OR] 5.5), brain cancer (OR 3.7), and leukemia (OR 6.2) were associated with prostate cancer risk. A significantly increased risk was found for high education level (OR 3.3 for 12 or more years versus less than 7 years) and a decreased risk for physical activity (OR 0.5 for active versus inactive). Coffee consumption was directly associated with risk of prostate cancer (OR 1.9 for the third versus the first tertile). Bread consumption was directly related (OR 1.6) and consumption of raw and total vegetables inversely related (OR 0.6) to prostate cancer risk, although these associations were of borderline significance. No association emerged with marital status, body mass index, history of diabetes, alcohol drinking, and other considered foods. CONCLUSIONS This study confirms that some recognized risk factors, including family history of prostate cancer, high level of education, and low physical activity, are associated with prostate cancer risk in middle-aged men. UROLOGY 70: 1121–1126, 2007. © 2007 Elsevier Inc.