Targeting IL-17alpha to promote anti-PD-1 therapy effect by screening the tumor immune microenvironment in a mouse oral carcinogenesis model

Background Resistance to PD-1 blocking agents is not uncommon, limiting their wide clinical success. Certain tumor-infiltrating immune cells (e.g., TILs/CTLs) have emerged as biomarkers of response, and absence of such immune cells contributes to resistance. Objective We deconvoluted the dynamic immune microenvironment in a mouse model of oral carcinogenesis for augmenting the resistance to PD-1 blocking agents by combination. Methods Bioinformatics methods and routine biological experiments were adopted such as morphological analysis and ELISA in the 4NQO-treated mice model. Results Our findings revealed that dysplastic tongue tissues from 4NQO-treated mice were characterized by an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Tongue tissues from mice treated with 4NQO for 12 weeks had higher levels of Th2 cells and Tregs compared to tissues taken from control mice or mice treated with 4NQO for 28 weeks; these results suggested a potential therapeutic benefit of anti-PD-1 in the oral cancer. The IL-17 pathway was significantly upregulated during progression from normal mucosa to hyperplasia and tumor formation in mice. Inhibition of IL-17α combined with PD-1 blockade delayed the development of 4NQO-induced precancerous and cancerous lesions and prolonged the survival of 4NQO-treated mice. Conclusions Our data suggested a strong rationale of IL-17α blockade as a potential approach to augment the tumor-eliminating effects of anti-PD-1 therapy.