Grape Anatomy and Physiology

Grapes are vines that are cultivated in temperate climates around the world. There are an estimated 8000 grape varieties grown for consumption. The latest data showed table grape production of about 20 million tons. Vine growth and floral initiation result in the berry formation of the subsequent year. The growth and maturation of the grape berry and/or seeds affect changes in sugars, acids, and phenolic compounds. Pests and diseases are numerous as are the continuous searches for better chemical control. Natural resistance such as the grape plants’ ability to escape infection through anatomical attributes and the production of phytoalexins such as resveratrol also play important roles in control of diseases. Grapes are a multiuse crop with nutritional and pharmaceutical applications.