Two species of illegal South American sailfin catfish of the genus Pterygoplichthys well-established in Indonesia

Sailfin catfish indigenous to South America are very popular ornamental fish, having previously been introduced to many regions outside their native range. Two species, namely Pterygoplichthys disjunctivus and P . pardalis , are illegal but widespread in Indonesia. They have formed self-sustaining populations, exploited for feeding of domestic animals and locally for human consumption. Also possible hybrids of the two mentioned species were recorded. The surveyed populations were considered established which perfectly fits with the climate matching analysis. Further monitoring and inspection of regions highlighted to be suitable for sailfin catfish is recommended.