In vitro evaluation of the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ethanolic extracts of Echinodorus macrophyllus

Echinodorus macrophyllus (Kunth.) Micheli (E. macrophyllus) is an aquatic plant belonging to the family Alismataceae, popularly known as chapeu-de-couro. Previous studies have shown that chapecoderins, echinophyllins, and echinolides are present in its chemical composition. Although there is evidence of E. macrophyllus having therapeutic properties (especially in the treatment of inflammatory diseases), it is necessary to carry out studies to investigate its safety for therapeutic use. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of ethanolic extracts from E. macrophyllus (EEEM) leaves on human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). PBMCs were collected from healthy volunteers for use in cytotoxicity (MTT) and genotoxicity (cytokinesis-block micronucleus cytome [CBMN cyt] and comet) assays and treated with concentrations of EEEM ranging from 1 to 500 μg/mL. The results of this study did not indicate cytotoxic or genotoxic effects of the EEEM for any of the concentrations evaluated. E. macrophyllus does not cause significant genetic damage to PBMCs in comet and CBMC assays, suggesting that the plant is safe and does not pose significant risks with regard to general consumption.