Role of Nanomedicine for Cancer Immunotherapy

Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide and has become a global concern because of its inadequate effective treatment. Immunotherapy is one of the four key pillars in the treatment of cancer apart from surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy. Cancer immunotherapy cures the initial tumor progression and also inhibits metastasis and the relapse of the tumor. Despite its high anti-tumor potential, there are some limitations that impede its frequent clinical use. Dose-limiting toxicity and low response rates of patients pertaining to cancer immunotherapy pose a major challenge in cancer. Cancer immunotherapy exhibits lower clinical advances as antigens associated with cancer are not successfully delivered to the cells of the immune system. Solid tumors have been reported to escape the anti-cancer immune response by creating an immune-suppressive and immune-deprived tumor microenvironment (TME).