Genetic improvement programs for aquaculture species in developing countries: prospects and challenges.

Aquaculture in developing countries is largely based on unimproved fish strains. There is ample evidence indicating the potential of genetic improvement programs and a range of selection methods may be used. Examples of the application of mass, cohort, within family, and combined between-within family are given. The methods are discussed in terms of their effectiveness and suitability. It is concluded that in principle all the methods can work well, provided the selection program is started with a population with a broad genetic base and that during its conduct a balance is struck between selection intensity and containment of inbreeding. Limitations to the implementation of genetic improvement programs and the challenges they face are discussed.