Natural history of nutrition in chronic renal failure

Dietetic manipulation significantly influences the progression of renal failure in laboratory animals. Clinical results in humans are contradictory. The aim of the study was epidemiological research on a large sample of kidney disease patients to verify whether renal failure influences nutrient intake before dietetic manipulation. Four hundred and forty-one consecutive, non-selected adult patients with renal insufficiency (creatinine 133-963 μmol, mean 301 + 178 μmol in male, 288 ± 156 μmol/l in female) and 43 kidney disease patients without renal failure were enrolled in the prospective study in the period 1988-1995. Interview at the time of the first nephrological check was performed by only one dietician; the record by recall of intake over 7 days with quantitative assessment was collected with the assistance of nutritional dossier and photographic measures. The patients with renal failure consume energy, proteins, lipids and carbohydrates in lesser quantities than the national population of the same geographical area, but the total lipid and monounsaturated fatty acid intake is higher compared with Italian dietary reference values. In patients with renal failure mean protein intake was 1.02 ± 0.2 g/kg/day in males and 0.96 ± 0.2 g/kg/day in females; mean lipid intake was 1.10 ± 0.2 g/kg/day in males and 1.17 ± 0.3 g/kg/day in females; mean carbohydrate intake was 3.7 ± 1.1 g/kg/day in males and 3.49 ± 1 g/kg/day in females. The nutrition alterations observed in chronic renal failure may be a biological adaptation due to neurological changes affecting the sense of taste.