Remediation of soils contaminated by hydrophobic organic compounds: How to recover extracting agents from soil washing solutions?

Abstract A lot of soil (particularly, former industrial and military sites) has been contaminated by various highly toxic contaminants such as petroleum hydrocarbons, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorobiphenyls (PCBs) or chlorinated solvents. Soil remediation is now required for their promotion into new industrial or real estate activities. Therefore, the soil washing (SW) process enhanced by the use of extracting agents (EAs) such as surfactants or cyclodextrins (CDs) has been developed for the removal of hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) from contaminated soils. The use of extracting agents allows improving the transfer of HOCs from the soil-sorbed fraction to the washing solution. However, using large amount of extracting agents is also a critical drawback for cost-effectiveness of the SW process. The aim of this review is to examine how extracting agents might be recovered from SW solutions for reuse. Various separation processes are able to recover large amounts of extracting agents according to the physicochemical characteristics of target pollutants and extracting agents. However, an additional treatment step is required for the degradation of recovered pollutants. SW solutions may also undergo degradation processes such as advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) with in situ production of oxidants. Partial recovery of extracting agents can be achieved according to operating conditions and reaction kinetics between organic compounds and oxidant species. The suitability of each process is discussed according to the various physicochemical characteristics of SW solutions. A particular attention is paid to the anodic oxidation process, which allows either a selective degradation of the target pollutants or a complete removal of the organic load depending on the operating conditions.