Non-congruent geographic patterns of genetic divergence across European species of Branchinecta (Anostraca: Branchinectidae)

Three of the five European species of Branchinecta have a disjunct distribution. In this study, we analyze populations of B. ferox and B. orientalis for mitochondrial (cox1) and nuclear (ITS2) molecular markers. We compare intraspecific genetic divergences between geographically distant populations of B. orientalis, from its only known Spanish population (originally described as B. cervantesi) and from a Hungarian population (assigned to B. orientalis since its discovery), with data from two relatively close Iberian populations of B. ferox. Results indicate that isolation between B. ferox and B. orientalis clades is ancient, and that the clade including the two Iberian populations of B. ferox is geographically structured. Conversely, Iberian and Hungarian populations of B. orientalis do not show geographical structure for the mitochondrial fragment. Lack of geographic structure coupled with very low genetic distances indicates that current Iberian and Hungarian populations of B. orientalis originated from a common population stock, and that the time elapsed since their separation has not been long enough to render the clades reciprocally monophyletic. We hypothesize that colonization of the Iberian Peninsula by B. orientalis is probably the consequence of a single recent dispersal event, and consequently we confirm the synonymy between B. cervantesi and B. orientalis.