Lifetime simulation of different lithium-ion batteries for vehicle-to-grid application

This work presents an electrical equivalent circuit model for plug-in (hybrid) electric vehicles. The model features ageing dependent parameter adaption to facilitate the simulation of ageing influences on batteries. An ageing approach based on Arrhenius' law for the standstill time and a cubic equation for transfered charge was used for making the model capable of vehicle simulations with high percentages of idle phases during their lifetime. In this case, the additional ageing through vehicle to grid use of the battery is investigated. Therefore, the model was parameterized with the data from two off-the-shelf large scale automotive cells and one generic value cell based on warranty data of commercial vehicles for comparison. Five different energy-intensive user scenarios are simulated giving lifetime values for applications with and without three different vehicle to grid modes. The cost resulting through the reduced lifetime is calculated and the first cost for the regulating energy is derived from these values.