Psychological assessments of a senile patient with tetraplegia who received brain-computer interface implantation: a case report.

OBJECTIVE Research on individuals with brain-computer interface (BCI) presents not only technological challenges but ethical challenges (e.g., psychological aspects) as well. We assessed the mental health of a senile patient with tetraplegia after an invasive implantation of BCI and a long-term daily training, in order to provide new experience about the ethical impact of BCI on users and inform future clinical applications of such devices. METHODS This case was a 71-year-old man with tetraplegia for 2 years. Prior to the implant surgery of BCI, and 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, and 9 months after training, a series of tests for cognition, emotion, social support, sleep, and quality of life were performed to evaluate the patient's mental health. RESULTS Compared with baseline before surgery, the patients' cognition, emotion, social support, sleep, and quality of life improved after the surgery and the long-term daily training. At 3 months post-training, the patient's cognitive score measured by Mini-mental State Examination reached the cutoff point for cognitive impairment in the elderly. Subjective well-being and quality of life showed a slight decline at 9 months post-training compared with that 3 months post-training but remained above the baseline. CONCLUSION This study shows the psychological benefits in a senile patient after an invasive BCI implantation and a long-term daily training. BCI ethics is still in its early stages, and further research is needed to understand emerging psychological states of this specific population.