Future Developments of Vertebroplasty and Kyphoplasty Techniques

Augmented Reality (AR) with Artificial Intelligence (AI) is a novel navigational technique that superimposes virtual 3D anatomic data onto real-world 2D visual images in real time. 3D volumetric data are acquired using CT, cone-beam CT, or MRI, planning software generates a virtual device trajectory and virtual 3D anatomy/trajectory is overlaid onto visual surface anatomy using a variety of technologies to create a fused real-time AR image. The visual navigation is theoretically achieved without the need of intraoperative fluoroscopy. These valuable tools when applied to vertebroplasty (VP) could improve procedure accuracy, reduce the risk of leakage and radiation exposure. Bioactive PMMA, glass ceramics and Polyurethane foams represent new frontier of biomaterials for vertebral body augmentation. Customized, bioresorbable and bone forming filler material will be available for the treatment of VCFs with vertebroplasty and balloon kyphoplasty with a reduction of related complications and management costs.