Koumiss consumption induced changes in the fecal metabolomes of chronic atrophic gastritis patients

Abstract Our previous research showed that koumiss intervention could alleviate symptoms of chronic atrophic gastritis (CAG) via the modulation of gut microbiota. The present work aimed to further decipher the mechanism of the observed functional effect by analyzing changes in the fecal metabolomes of these patients. Significant modulation was observed in the levels of metabolites relating to several pathways, namely biosynthesis of primary and secondary bile acid, as well as metabolism of unsaturated fatty acid, linoleic acid and arachidonic acid, phenylalanine, and retinol. Koumiss treatment also decreased the level of some fecal proinflammatory markers, as evidenced by significant decrease in the fecal interleukin 38 (P