Sexually Dimorphic Growth in the Western Swamp Tortoise, Pseudemydura umbrina (Testudines: Chelidae)

Captive breeding of the Critically Endangered western swamp tortoise (WST; Pseudemydura umbrina) has been taking place at Perth Zoo as part of the species' recovery plan since 1988. The first release of captive bred individuals took place in 1994. Individuals are released into protected wild reserves at approximately three years of age, when they typically reach the mandatory minimum body mass of 100 g. They are sexually immature at this age, and sex determination is not possible by external physical examination. For sustainable reintroduction programs, it is desirable to know the sex ratio of individuals prior to release, and also the sex of individuals being retained for future captive breeding purposes. Utilising body mass and size morphometrics from zoo-bred individuals retained until sexual maturity, we evaluated sex-related changes in growth rates and body size over time. Sexual dimorphism in favour of males was first detected at four years of age, with significant differences (P<0.05) observed in both the body mass (121.9 +/- 6.8 g vs. 105.0 +/- 4.4 g) and carapace length (89.5 +/- 2.0 mm vs. 83.2 +/- 1.4 mm). Age at which sexual maturity was attained varied between 5 to 13 years, but on average occurred earlier in males (8.0 +/- 0.5 years) than females (8.7 +/- 0.4 years). Data confirm a faster growth rate and earlier age of sexual maturity in males than females, and smaller size (carapace length) at sexual maturity ((similar to)110 mm for males and (similar to)100 mm for females) than previously reported for wild WST (110-131 mm). It is suggested that using growth rate data, body size (mass and length) and plastron shape may be useful to determine sex at 4-5 years of age, and prior to release to the wild, to better monitor sex ratios at release and during future in situ monitoring of microchipped zoo-bred WST.