Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) 2 and TLR9 Expressed in Trigeminal Ganglia are Critical to Viral Control During Herpes Simplex Virus 1 Infection

Herpes simplex virus 1 (HSV-1) is a neurotropic DNA virus that is responsible for several clinical manifestations in humans, including encephalitis. HSV-1 triggers toll-like receptors (TLRs), which elicit cytokine production. Viral multiplication and cytokine expression in C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice infected with HSV-1 were evaluated. Virus was found in the trigeminal ganglia (TG), but not in the brains of animals without signs of encephalitis, between 2 and 6 days postinfection (d.p.i.). Cytokine expression in the TG peaked at 5 d.p.i. TLR9−/− and TLR2/9−/− mice were more susceptible to the virus, with 60% and 100% mortality, respectively, as opposed to 10% in the WT and TLR2−/− mice. Increased levels of both CXCL10/IP-10 and CCL2/MCP-1, as well as reduced levels of interferon-γ and interleukin 1-β transcripts, measured in both the TG and brains at 5 d.p.i., and the presence of virus in the brain were correlated with total mortality in TLR2/9−/− mice. Cytokine alterations in TLR2/9−/− mice coincided with histopathological changes in their brains, which did not occur in WT and TLR2−/− mice and occurred only slightly in TLR9−/− mouse brain. Increased cellularity, macrophages, CD8 T cells producing interferon-γ, and expression levels of TLR2 and TLR9 were detected in the TG of WT-infected mice. We hypothesize that HSV-1 infection is controlled by TLR-dependent immune responses in the TG, which prevent HSV-1 encephalitis.