Barriers and drivers to adult vaccination among family physicians – Insights for tailoring the immunization program in Germany

Abstract Background In Germany, vaccination gaps exist mainly among adolescents and adults. Family physicians (FPs) administer adult vaccines. FPs strongly influence the vaccination behavior and attitudes of their patients, so their own vaccination-related attitudes and behaviors are critical to achieve high vaccination coverage. The aim of this study was to identify determinants of FPs’ own vaccination uptake and their recommendation behavior. Method 700 FPs participated in a random sampled telephone survey. Respondents were interviewed in both their roles as vaccine recipients and vaccine providers. Thus, participants indicated their own vaccination status and recommendation behavior as primary outcomes. Primary determinants were the 5C psychological antecedents of vaccination. In addition, participants indicated demographic data and other barriers towards vaccination. Association between outcome and determinants were examined using logistic regression models. Results Around 60% of physicians reported to be vaccinated against influenza, pertussis and hepatitis B, and the majority claimed to recommend vaccines to patients. Own vaccination status was significantly associated with the recommendation of vaccines. Of the psychological determinants confidence in the safety of vaccines was associated with own vaccination and recommendation behavior. Collective responsibility, constraints and complacency were associated with own vaccination status. Being from western Germany and being a homeopathic FP were independently associated with lower own vaccination behavior. Vaccine shortages (52.5%) and cost coverage problems (25.6%) were reported frequently as system-related barriers. There was a perception that the National Immunization Technical Advisory Group was influenced by other interests (14.8%) and that people are vaccinated against too many diseases (8%). Around 40% had implemented an office-based reminder system. Discussion FPs’ vaccination behaviors are associated with various psychological determinants and additional barriers. In particular, confidence can leverage FPs’ vaccination behaviors. Promoting office-based reminder systems, reducing system-related barriers, and building trust in official recommendations are additional measures to improve adult vaccination in Germany.