Empirical Helicobacter pylori “rescue” therapy after failure of two eradication treatments

Abstract Aim. Even with the current most effective Helicobacter pylori treatment regimens, approximately 20% of patients do not eradicate the infection. Several “rescue” therapies have been recommended, but they still fail to eradicate H. pylori in approximately 20–30% of the cases. Our aim was to evaluate the efficacy of different rescue therapies prescribed to patients in whom two consecutive H. pylori eradication regimens had failed. Methods. Design. Prospective single-centre study. Patients. Consecutive patients in whom two eradication regimens had failed to eradicate H. pylori . Intervention. Third eradication regimens included: (1) omeprazole–amoxicillin–clarithromycin for 7 days; (2) quadruple therapy with omeprazole–bismuth–tetracycline–metronidazole for 7 days; (3) omeprazole–amoxicillin–clarithromycin–bismuth for 14 days; and (4) omeprazole–amoxicillin–rifabutin for 14 days. H. pylori antibiotic susceptibility was unknown and, therefore, rescue regimens were chosen empirically. In no case, was the same regimen repeated. Outcome. H. pylori eradication was defined as a negative in 13 C -urea breath test 8 weeks after completing the therapy. Results. Forty-eight patients were included (mean age 45 years, 44% males, 82% with peptic ulcer and 18% with functional dyspepsia). No patient was lost from follow-up. Adverse effects were described in 21% of the patients. One patient receiving omeprazole, amoxicillin and rifabutin was removed from medication due to adverse effects (vomiting). Overall, mean H. pylori eradication with third therapy after failure of two eradication treatments was 34/48 (71%; 95% confidence interval 57–82%) by intention-to-treat and 34/47 (72%; 95% confidence interval 58–83%) by per-protocol. Conclusion. It seems that performing culture even after a second eradication failure may not be necessary, as it is possible to construct an overall strategy to maximise H. pylori eradication, based on the different possibilities of empirical treatment.