Passive Stall Control Systems of Power Limitation Modes for Vertical Axis Wind Turbines (VAWT)

Vertical axis wind turbines (VAWT) with direct drive permanent magnet synchronous generator operate with the greatest energy efficiency and reliability in low-power wind energy conversion systems (WECS). This article offers a classification of optimal control methods of such WECS. Special attention is also given to an unexplored area—the development of control systems of power limitation mode when VAWT work at high wind speeds—passive stall and feathering control. In particular, the structures of control systems were developed, the parameters of power regulators were obtained, and these regimes were compared by means of computer simulation. The fractional order control method was also used for this mode and the parameters of fractional order PID power regulator were found by the method of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). The article also demonstrates how to realize the mode of passive stall control in the energy-shaping control system (ESCS) previously developed by the authors.