Synaptic, transcriptional, and chromatin genes disrupted in autism

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a broad group of brain development disorders, including autism, childhood disintegrative disorder and Asperger's syndrome, characterized by impaired social interaction and communication, repetitive behaviour and restricted interests. Two groups reporting in this issue of Nature have used large-scale whole-exome sequencing to examine the contribution of inherited and germline de novo mutations to ASD risk. Silvia De Rubeis et al. analysed DNA samples from 3,871 autism cases and 9,937 ancestry-matched or parental controls and identify more than 100 autosomal genes that are likely to affect risk for the disease. De novo loss-of-function mutations were detected in more than 5 of autistic subjects. Many of the associated gene products appear to function in synaptic, transcriptional, and chromatin remodelling pathways. Ivan Iossifov et al. sequenced exomes from more than 2,500 families, each with one child with ASD. They identify 27 high-confidence gene targets and estimate that 13 of de novo missense mutations and 43 of de novo 'likely gene-disrupting' (LGD) mutations contribute to 12 and 9 of diagnoses, respectively.