Degradation of Anthroquinone Dyes Stimulated by Fungi

Synthetic dyes are widely used in textile dyeing, paper printing, color photography, pharmaceuticals, food, leather industries, and cosmetics (Couto, Biotechnol Adv 27:227–235, 2009). Annual production of synthetic dyes has already exceeded over 7 × 105 metric tons (Chen et al., J Biotechnol 101:57–68, 2003). Different industries, such as paper and pulp mills, textiles and dyestuff industries, distilleries and tanneries, discharge an enormous amount of highly colored waste water (Raghukumar, Mycol Res 104:1222–1226, 2000). Among the industries, the textile industry generates maximum liquid effluent, as a large quantity of water is used in the dyeing processes (Kalyani et al., J Hazard Mater 163:735–742, 2009).