Hepatitis B or C virus infection and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma among solid organ transplant recipients

Hepatitis B and C viruses (HBV/HCV) substantially increase risk for hepatocellular carcinoma, likely through both direct oncogenic effects (e.g. interaction of HCV proteins with host proteins that regulate cell proliferation, integration of HBV DNA into the host genome) and indirect effects (e.g.