Parallel visual circuitry in a basal chordate

A common CNS architecture is observed in all chordates, from vertebrates to basal chordates like the ascidian Ciona. Currently Ciona stands apart among chordates in having a complete larval CNS connectome. Starting with visuomotor circuits predicted by the Ciona connectome, we used expression maps of neurotransmitter use with behavioral assays and pharmacology to identify two parallel visuomotor circuits that are responsive to different components of visual stimuli. The first circuit is characterized by glutamatergic photoreceptors and responds to the direction of light. These photoreceptors project to cholinergic motor neurons, via two tiers of cholinergic interneurons. The second circuit is responsive to changes in ambient light and mediates an escape response. This circuit starts with novel GABAergic photoreceptors which project to GABAergic interneurons, and then to cholinergic interneurons shared with the first circuit. Our observations on neurotransmitter use and the behavior of larvae lacking photoreceptors indicate the second circuit is disinhibitory.